Essay on Comparing Martin Luther and Jean Calvin - 1866 Words

The Reformation provoked changes in religion from the Christian church in the early 18th century. Martin Brecht defines the Reformation as the world-historical event which was â€Å"triggered and substantially shaped by the monk and professor Martin Luther. His religious struggle over a gracious God, his existence between God and the Devil, led to a schism within Western Christendom and to the emergence of Protestant churches† (Brecht). Martin Luther and Jean Calvin were the leaders of the Protestant Reformation. How were Martin Luther and Jean Calvin different and how were they similar in their quest to reform the church? Martin Luther, also known as the â€Å"Reformator,† was a superior asset in the Protestant Reformation. He was born on†¦show more content†¦On October 31, 1517, Luther wrote a letter to the Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, which contained a protest against the sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel, the pope’s German agent. Burkholder said, â€Å"The sale of indulgences, credits for good deeds done by others, which on could purchase to reduce the punishment for sin. This practice raised money for the Catholic church, but it had no scriptural basis and violated Luther’s principle that salvation was granted through faith alone, not works† (Burkholder, p213). This letter was titled, â€Å"The Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences,† but later renamed, â€Å"The 95 Theses.† Luther was upset and annoyed that the pope was taking all of the less fortunate people’s money to build his own church when in fact he had enough money to execute the plans himself. Martin Luther secretly wanted to reform the Church at this time, and many thought that â€Å"The 95 Theses† was just a starting point to the Reformation. No one today or back then knows if Luther in fact posted â€Å"The Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences† on the church door in Wittenberg. Many believe this would make perfect sense because if people want something to be read or heard, they would post it on the church doors. Either way, word did get out all around Germany and Europe. By the late 1500s, the Reformation spread not only through Germany and Europe, but also through Norway, Sweden,Show MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesused way to classify and compare cultures has been developed by Geert Hofstede, a Dutch scholar and researcher. Hofstede conducted research on over 100,000 IBM employees in 53 countries, and he identified five dimensions useful in identifying and comparing culture. A review of each of those dimensions follows.11 Power distance Dimension of culture that refers to the inequality among the people of a nation. POWER DISTANCE The dimension of power distance refers to the inequality among the peopleRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pagesthirteen hundred the individual monk had produced only fifty years earlier. Prices fell dramatically. As late as the mid–1400s—just before Gutenberg’s invention—books were such a luxury that only the wealthy and educated could afford them. But when Martin Luther’s German Bible came out in 1522 (a book of well over one thousand pages), its price was so low that even the poorest peasant family could buy one. The cost and price reductions of the third Information Revolution were at least as great as thoseRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesConflict 375 SKILL LEARNING 376 Interpersonal Conflict Management 376 Mixed Feelings About Conflict 376 Diagnosing the Type of Interpersonal Conflict 378 Conflict Focus 378 Conflict Source 380 Selecting the Appropriate Conflict Management Approach 383 Comparing Conflict Management and Negotiation Strategies 386 Selection Factors 386 Resolving Interpersonal Confrontations Using the Collaborative Approach A General Framework for Collaborative Problem Solving 391 The Four Phases of Collaborative Problem SolvingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesin our technical sense of that word? a. I hate you. Get out of here! b. Im sure Martin Luther King Jr. didnt die during the 1960s, because it says right here in the encyclopedia that he was assassinated in Memphis in 1998. c. The Republican Party began back in the 1850s as a U.S. political party. Abraham Lincoln was their first candidate to win the presidency. d. I don’t believe you when you say Martin Luther King Jr. could have been elected president if he hadn’t been assassinated. Try to

The Discrimination Is An Unfair Treatment For A Ethnic...

The discrimination is an unfairly treatment to a particular ethnic group based on their own special conditions. It includes 4 main forms - the directly, indirectly, harassment and victimisation. The direct discrimination is pretty straightforward, which happens when someone dealt with the situation unfairly based on one of the grounds and in one of the areas covered by the action. The indirect discrimination is usually less obvious than the direct form. It is usually the rules or policy that applies to everyone, which seems fair. However, the rules puts people who with the relevant protected characteristics at a particular disadvantage. Both direct and indirect discriminations are the forms of the employment discrimination that treat people unfairly based on some particular grounds.(1) These grounds that be treated unfairly in these situations, which also named â€Å"Protected Characteristics† are: †¢ Age E.g. Not inviting someone, because they are too young or too old to fit with other staffs. †¢ Transsexual person E.g. Not inviting a transsexual person, because the gender identity problems. †¢ Being married or in a civil partnership E.g. The candidate is refused, because she is single, and the manager thinks she will distract the other workers. †¢ Pregnant or having a child E.g. The employer tries to demote the employee from the manager to a bookkeeping position of far less pay and status, because the employer thought the employee is a pregnant woman who can’t represent theShow MoreRelatedThe Unethical Nature of Affirmative Action Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesplace applicants from ethnic minorities in their preferred list, which of course is not fair for the white. Yes, it does bring good results, but it is not ethical. Affirmative action in itself is racist. There are many reasons why affirmative action in favor of ethnic minorities is racist. First of all, it violates Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by discriminating against the white. Equal opportunities denotes that no one is to receive special consideration based on ethnic background, but byRead MoreDiscrimination in Providing Healhtcare to Elders Essay1832 Words   |  8 PagesEquality Bill will be researched to gather an insight of its proposal to guild against discrimination of older people; the essay will progress by critiquing the bill and its lack of meeting the objectives of protecting the older people, mostly Black Ethnic Minority to access mental health treatment based on demand rather than age. 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The question of whether or not affirmative action is ethical is one of the most contentious areas of debate that lies on the issue of ethnicity, gender, values, traditions, politics and many more that provides an extra advantage to one group over the another. The issue on affirmative action should be critically examined for itRead MoreNewspaper And Content Of The Media Articles3343 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction This article displays the three main troubles in the Australian workplace, which are the discriminations, wages and salaries and the unfair dismissal. The discrimination can divided into several parts, which are the racial discrimination, sex discrimination, disability discrimination, age discrimination, workplace gender discrimination. In the recently organizations, the discrimination is an important question which need to be solved quickly by the managers. The employees pay the mostRead MoreMethods of Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination2228 Words   |  9 Pages Prejudice can be defined as the judgement of a group or an individual based mainly on group association. Prejudice is not necessarily negative. Ethnocentrism is an example of positive prejudice towards one’s in-group. Discrimination can be defined as the negative or positive behaviours towards individuals based on their group association. Discrimination may be obvious or subtle, either way both can be damaging. Although discrimination and prejudice often go hand in hand, there is a differenceRead MoreEssay on Cipd 3mer3076 Words   |  13 Pageshours | 6 | Night Working | 7 | Maternity Leave | 7 | Paternity leave | 7 | Adoption Leave | 8 | Special Leave | 8 | Reasons Why Employees Should be Treated Fairly In Relation To Pay | 9 | Employee Satisfaction | 9 | Recruitment amp; Retention | 9 | National Minimum Wage | 9 | Main Points of Equalities Legislation | 10 | Direct Discrimination | 10 | Indirect Discrimination | 11 | Harrasment | 11 | Victimisation | 11 | The Concept of the Psychological Contract | 12 | TypesRead MoreEqual Opportunity in the Army2746 Words   |  11 Pagesaccomplish its mission rests with its soldiers. What impacts soldiers impacts combat effectiveness. One such factor is the human relations environment in which our soldiers live and work. The Army subscribes to a human relations environment based on dignity and respect. 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Motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international Educati

Question: Responsibilities of nurse educators to meet the standards of regulatory and accrediting bodies . Legal and ethical implications for faculty who teach in the classroom, in clinical settings with students, and in clinical agencies in the role of Clinical Educator. The concept of due process for students and new nurses deemed unsafe in the clinical setting. The process for managing students and new nurses dishonest actions. How faculty can help students develop a professional attitude or demeanor. How faculty can utilize the faculty student relationship as a tool to support understanding of legal and ethical issues. Potential strategies for managing legal and ethical issues successfull. Answer: Introduction The present scenario of healthcare environment has a demand for nurses to meet the various patient needs. Legal and ethical issues may occur in various professional situations where the question of morality based on the wrongness and rightness may arise. Decision-making has to be done keeping in mind the patients beneficent care. Therefore, the legal and ethical decisions as they affect the nurses often take them through exhausting and stressful conditions of work. Nursing programs deal with the ethical and legal issues throughout the curriculum. Therefore, the clinical instructors have the responsibility to introduce the students to the ethical and legal issues. The present study deals with the subject that how the nurse educator would respond to the legal and ethical issues that one may encounter at the workplace. Responsibilities of nurse educators In the United States, there are fifty-two national and six regional agencies. There are also various other regulatory bodies for governing the legal issues of learning like American Nurses Association. The responsibility of the nurse educator lies with the fact that he needs to meet the standards of the regulatory and accreditation bodies during the curriculum of nursing. The students should get well aware of the goals and objectives of these bodies including the legal and ethical factors to get well prepared before entering the profession (ANA, 2010). The responsibilities of the nurse educator have been listed below. Implementing and developing the standards of accreditation for continuous improvement of the students through the education programs. Ensuring that the education programs meet the expectations of the profession for the legal and ethical requirements. Maintaining and developing the code of ethics for nursing. Maintaining and developing the standards and scope of nursing practice by the regulatory bodies (Altbach Knight, 2007). Development support for the nursing research and theory as laid down by the accreditation bodies for explaining the observations and guiding the practice of nursing. Explaining the requirements of education as needed for the professional practice. Defining the competence of professional role a nurse has to overcome, as one faces emergencies. Development of resources and programs for establishing the articulate of nurses accountability to the practice policy, society and governmental advocacy (Aacn.nche.edu, 2016). Legal and Ethical Implications The legal and ethical issues of nursing education are primarily based on the student, the faculty and the educational program. In the case of clinical settings and agencies, the legal and ethical issues of the site have also been brought into consideration. Faculty collects this information and to conform to the requirement of the clinical agencies for the implementation of the legal and ethical issues. The nursing educators pave the path for the future professional nurses from various settings and classrooms. The nurse educator should be able to define legally and describe the laws, both case and statutory, which governs the nursing education. The students and the faculty should share the governance. Academic freedom should be provided in the clinical and class settings. The faculty should build up a strategy to build up gaps between the educational syllabus and the professional settings. This will help to imply the ethical and legal issues effectively (Billings Halstead, 2013). Changes are happening in the nursing practice. Accordingly, there should be changes in the educational system as well. Ethical conducts generally do not undergo huge changes, but the legal issues can be modified. The ethical issues can be addressed by drawing real life situations and case studies whereas the legal issues can be explained by teaching from the various sources, dealing with the nursing law. The faculty should make a critical appraisal and systemic approach for the clinical conditions related to the ethical and legal issues. Setting examples of the faculty's expertise and experience, he can implement the issues among the students from various settings. However, the students of clinical settings and agencies are exposed to various types of data and their relative analysis can help the student to understand better the conditions of implementation (Berner, 2007). The classroom students can be benefitted by the case studies they undertake and implement the issues as per their understandings. These implementations help to develop the nursing skills of the students from various settings. Due Process for Students Due process is intended to assure that the rights of the students are respected as per the situation. Due process is of two types. The substantive due process deals with the determining the relation of the outcome, the degree of fairness in it, with the infraction. It is done to determine the whether the seriousness of the crime suits the punishment. The second type is a procedural due process. This provides the accused with the facility of receiving notice and an opportunity of being heard. It is based on the principle that decisions should be fair, nondiscriminatory and objective (Clark, 2008). The due process is employed when a student breaches or violates the code of the conduct of the nursing students. Any misconduct done is handled individually with the due process. Depending upon the severity of the misconduct, the punishment is delivered. However, the student is also given an opportunity for explanation of his misconduct, as per the rules of the litigation. The case is individually handled for application of the due process (Anselmi, Glasgow Gambescia, 2014). Unsafe Nurses in the Clinical Settings Nurses prone to disorders of substance use may be deemed as unsafe in the clinical settings. Their disorder may have a direct impact on their work and performance. Alternative programs have been designed to recover the nurses from the disorders of substance use or mental disorders. These programs help the nurses to be monitored and the risks of practice get reduced (Killam, Luhanga Bakker, 2011). It is the responsibility of the nurse educator to train up nurses for ultimate patient care. The legal and ethical responsibility involves the recognition of the signs and symptoms of unsafe practice, which might affect the safety of the patients in future (Grube, Piliavin Turner, 2010). Several observational tools can be implemented to monitor the unprofessional practice of the unsafe nurses in the clinical settings and separate them from other nurses (Luhanga et al., 2014). Managing Nursing Students and Dishonest Actions Nursing students and new nurses are expected to have an ethical and professional behavior, as the society has faith on them as competent providers of care. Unethical behavior and dishonesty include cheating and dishonest behaviors. Cheating in the academic career can be potentially disastrous as the nurse fails to gather requisite information regarding the safe care of human beings. This may lead to harm, suffering and even death of the patient (Suplee et al., 2008). Various strategies can be adopted to prevent dishonesty among the students and new nurses. The first strategy is the development of administrative policies. Academic policies may be created as the preventive measures. The legal department should review the contents of the document. These policies must be on display everywhere and at every possible accessible point. Consequences for repeated offenses should also be clearly mentioned. The faculty should well incorporate the behavioral expectations from the students (Killam et al., 2012). The second strategy is faculty development or education. These empower the faculty to address the dishonest behaviors in all setting types. Developing the assertiveness of the faculty in the environments of teaching is important so that he can have a control and strong monitoring of his class. The third strategy is setting up of the ground rules. Many times the dishonest behavior originates from the misinterpretation of the guidelines and grading of the assignments. Therefore, the faculty members should review the ground rules and display them in the syllabus in the clinical settings and classroom (Marshall, 2013). Development of Professional Attitude and Demeanor Nursing is much more than a series of skills and business activities. It is regarded as a part of socialization, which leads to the development and internalization of the identity as a nurse. The nursing profession is much concerned with the development of professional attitude and behavior. The faculty has many contributions to the development of the professional attitude (Mitchell, 2010). The program objectives are so designed that they aim at the development of the students. A few of the attitudes and demeanors have been discussed below. Dependability Nursing professionals are expected to be responsible and professional for carrying out the needs and duties. For this, the faculty must train them to be punctual and responsible towards their curriculum and assignments. Professional presentation The nurses should present themselves in such a way that is accepted by clients, employers and peers. For this, the faculty should develop a program for professional development of personality and train accordingly. Cooperation Teamwork is very essential in nursing. The nurses may require working in multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary teams. For this, the faculty should arrange group activities to develop this habit of teamwork. Clinical Reasoning The process of inquiry in the clinical practice of nursing is called clinical reasoning. Experience, knowledge and problem solving abilities are essential to encounter difficult and emergency situations. For this, the faculty should assign the students case studies to develop an estimation of the clinical reasoning in the profession of nursing (Griffiths et al., 2012). Faculty-Student Relationship The student faculty relationship is very important from the view of learning. The educational experience quality strongly depends on this relationship. This relationship helps in understanding the legal and ethical issues and helps in student success. Faculties in various settings face students whose learning needs and backgrounds are diverse. Therefore, it becomes very important to make them understand the legal and ethical issues (Priest et al., 2007). Developing a healthy relationship with them helps them to understand these issues and apply them professionally. The faculty should develop an environment of learning that encourages positive and collaborative faculty-student interactions. These will serve as an effective tool to develop strategies for active participations of students in understanding the legal and ethical issues (Hamric et al., 2013). Open communication with the students and application of learning activities helps in developing a student-faculty relationship. A positive relationship will facilitate better learning of the nursing curriculum (Ganske, 2010). Potential Strategies Professional nurses face many challenges in their practice. This challenge helps them to grow and contribute to the health of the society. However, several legal and ethical issues are faced by the nurses, which they have to manage strategically. Some of the potential strategies have been discussed below. Protecting the interests of the patient and ensuring quality care for nursing to the patients is an essential part of ethical management. The nurses should be provided more competence to face these ethical challenges to manage them. Using personal experience and values, patients rights and discussion with the management can be another potential strategy to manage the ethical issues (Marquis Huston, 2009). The legal issues can be managed by having a deep knowledge and understanding the nursing laws. In the case of a procedure for a patient, informed consent is essential. Potential legal risks can be managed and avoided if the signature is done before the procedure and everything is well documented (Park et al., 2014). Allegations of abuse should be managed by reporting them to the concerned authority. HIPAA laws should be well known by the nurses to manage problems regarding patient privacy. Medication errors and further litigation can be managed by having the correct knowledge of dosing and treatment regime (Furlong, 2008). References Altbach, P. G., Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities.Journal of studies in international education,11(3-4), 290-305. American Association of Colleges of Nursing | Home. (2016).Aacn.nche.edu. Retrieved 5 March 2016, from https://www.aacn.nche.edu American Nurses Association. (2010).Nursing's social policy statement: The essence of the profession. Nursesbooks. org. Anselmi, K. K., Glasgow, M. E. S., Gambescia, S. F. (2014). Using a nursing student conduct committee to foster professionalism among nursing students.Journal of Professional Nursing : Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing,30(6), 481-485. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2014.04.002 Berner, E. S. (2007).Clinical decision support systems(pp. 3-22). New York: Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC. Billings, D. M., Halstead, J. A. (2013).Teaching in nursing: A guide for faculty. Elsevier Health Sciences. Clark, C. M. (2008). Student voices on faculty incivility in nursing education: A conceptual model.Nursing Education Perspectives,29(5), 284-289. Furlong, E. (2008). Right or wrong: legal and ethical issues and decision making.Decision-making in nursing: thoughtful approaches for practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 29-46. Ganske, K. M. (2010). Moral distress in academia.OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,15(3), 6. Griffiths, J., Speed, S., Horne, M., Keeley, P. (2012). A caring professional attitude: What service users and carers seek in graduate nurses and the challenge for educators.Nurse Education Today,32(2), 121-127. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2011.06.005 Grube, J. A., Piliavin, J. A., Turner, J. W. (2010). The courage of one's conviction: When do nurse practitioners report unsafe practices?Health Communication,25(2), 155-164. doi:10.1080/10410230903544944 Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., O'Grady, E. T. (2013).Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. Killam, L. A., Luhanga, F., Bakker, D. (2011). Characteristics of unsafe undergraduate nursing students in clinical practice: an integrative literature review.Journal of Nursing Education,50(8), 437-446. Killam, L. A., Montgomery, P., Raymond, J. M., Mossey, S., Timmermans, K. E., Binette, J. (2012). Unsafe clinical practices as perceived by final year baccalaureate nursing students: Q methodology.BMC Nursing,11(1), 26-26. doi:10.1186/1472-6955-11-26 Luhanga, F., Koren, I., Yonge, O., Myrick, F. (2014). Strategies for managing unsafe precepted nursing students: A nursing faculty perspective.Journal of Nursing Education and Practice,4(5), 116. Marquis, B. L., Huston, C. J. (2009).Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Marshall, D. J. (2013).Adjunct nursing faculty perceptions of and reactions to unethical or dishonest nursing student behaviors in the classroom and clinical areas. University of Florida. Mitchell, C. (2010). Teaching in Nursing: A Guide for Faculty.Nursing Education Perspectives,31(2), 120-121. Park, M., Jeon, S. H., Hong, H., Cho, S. (2014). A comparison of ethical issues in nursing practice across nursing units.Nursing Ethics,21(5), 594-607. doi:10.1177/0969733013513212 Priest, C., Kooken, W. C., Ealey, K. L., Holmes, S. R., Hufeld, P. (2007). Improving baccalaureate nursing students' understanding of fundamental legal issues through interdisciplinary collaboration.Journal of Nursing Law,11(1), 35. Suplee, P. D., Lachman, V. D., Siebert, B., Anselmi, K. K. (2008). Managing nursing student incivility in the classroom, clinical setting, and on-line.Journal of Nursing Law,12(2), 68-77.

Role of Parents or Role of Education Centers-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Parents or role of Education Centers which is the most important? Answer: Introduction Early childhood education refers to the education for the children between three to eight years old. The education process consists of four learning goals namely knowledge, skills, disposition and feelings. The implementation of the right strategies in such an education process helps to shape the future of the child. The education received in his early years as a child helps him to successfully overcome the challenges that he faces in the practical life and the school life. Such an education helps the child to easily interact with each other and helps them to attain a degree of trust (Allen and Cowdery 2014). The above sentences clearly depict the importance of early education in the life of a child. However there is a huge debate over the years on whether the parents or the child care centers have larger influence on the education of the child. The main debate arises because a child spends a considerable amount of time with the teachers of the child care education as well as their p arents. Different experts have different opinions on the above debate as some of them believe the role of the educators to be most important whereas some of them have the belief that the role of the parents is way too important in the education life of the child. These experts are of some different theories of their own which are quite convincing. The following essay is based on the above argument on the role of parents and the teachers in early education. The essayist has provided the necessary details in this essay that has highlighted the role of the parents and the teachers and has provided arguments in each of the favors. Role of Parents According to Allen and Cowdery (2014) parents and families have the most direct and long-lasting impact on childrens learning and development of social competence. The time when the parents are involved, the child is seen to be achieving more and thus they exhibit more positive characteristics. The most key factor that supports the parental theory is the time that the child spends with their parents. A child spends the most part of the day with their parents and thus their involvement with the child is believed to have the largest impact on the development of the child. Families are positive partners in promoting the positive social skills. Home visits, parent visitation and to child care or school setting, workshops, telephonic conversations, newsletters, face to face communication and some other similar methods are carried out to make sure about the activities of the families in the homes. According to Castle et al. (2016) Parents are the ones that help to integrate the ideas of th e school knowledge within the child. The involvement of the parents in the education process helps the child to learn in a better way as because the children are more open in front of their parents and are generally shy to speak out while they are provided the necessary education in the school. In order to make the strategies in the child education program effective the involvement of the parent is the most necessary element. The early care providers in the child education must make sure that the parents are involved in the system and ask for the assistance of the parents to have a transparent understanding of the background and any other information related to the child. A child is very much sensitive to the communication between the parents and their behavior in the house. Therefore it is very much essential for the parents to ensure a cool and calm atmosphere in the house so that the child can have a positive mentality. A tense situation in the house will certainly reflect in his behavior. The early childhood education is a beginning to the educational career of the child and thus he has to make sure that they are involved in the education in such a way that it gives an idea of the classroom setting (Castle et al. 2016). The parents always try to figure out whether their child is performing like the other children. This leads them to investigate why or not they are performing and thus they accordingly start their investigation on the above factor as to why not they have performed in the same way. The parents are the main people who determine the strength of the children, their hobbies and their interests. The involvement of the parents in the educational structure of the children helps to create a social environment which must not be underestimated in any way. The parents have to perform some special tasks for providing their children the best possible education. They are; The parents must interact with the children for most of the time to learn about them and instill a sense of self confidence to face the world It is important for the parents to make sure that the children are treated in a fair manner so that they does not feel any sense of negativity As mentioned earlier there must be a friendly atmosphere in the house as because a negative atmosphere in the house will lead to a sense of huge negative mentality in the mind of the student. Therefore the analysis of the following facts clearly reveals the role of parents to be a huge determinant to shape up the future of the child. Role of Teachers An early childhood teacher must have multitasking abilities as because they are required to fit into many shoes to make sure that they can deliver the exact solution that can shape up the future of the child. It is believed that an experienced teacher already has the capabilities in him to be flexible to the demands of the child as well as the parents. On the other hand a new teacher must fit himself to the variety of training methods that are present to get a clear understanding of the skills and also to gather the knowledge of performing those skills in the practical world to fit into the early childhood education system. In most of the cases the role of an early childhood teacher is similar to that of a guide to a tourist as he has to go through all the complex activities of successfully teaching the child (Fenech 2017). There are many different challenges that create a barrier to the success of the educator. It needs excellent skills, strength and determination from the part of t he teachers to overcome such challenges and teach the child effectively. The teacher always provides the necessary guidance to the children and always stands by them in times of need. He has also the duty to identify his interests and help the child to move in the right direction. The teacher acts as a friend to the child and makes sure that they do not act as the person who tends to know everything related to the following. Such an act from the teacher can be problematic for the student. The teacher must partner the child and encourage him to do whatever he intends provided it does not harm any safety parameters. Castle et al. (2016) has mentioned that the teachers also engage the child in different extracurricular activities to engage them in a fun filled environment and make sure that the child is occupied with such a notion. This helps to develop the artistic skills of the child as well as it helps the child to have a positive set up of the mind. The teachers are one of the most crucial factors for shaping the future of the child in this particular phase of life as because he has to show enough love, patience and affection for the child to help him develop in the emotional, social and other aspects of life. Communication is another point that is worth mentioning (Fenech 2017). Proper and effective communication is utmost important to understand the psychology of the child and his behavior and demands. The primary task of the teacher is to carefully listen to the child which will be helpful to determine the needs of the child. The knowledge about the needs of the child is useful to determine the particular strategy to be implemented on the child which will help in his overall development. Teachers are the ones who are perhaps involved in the communication with all the people that are involved in the developmental process of the child. This includes parents, staffs of the child care centers, general people and most importantly the child himself. The teacher must be adaptive to the situation and discuss all the relevant issues and other important discussions frankly so that each and every concern of the student is addressed. The profession offers roles, responsibilities and commitments and thus the teacher have to provide the best out of him to garner the maximum possible success. However the shortage of time in the educational care centers reduces the scope of the teachers to be the most effective person having the largest chunk of contribution in the future of the child (Friedman et al. 2014). Main Arguments The most ambitious and expensive educational evaluations conducted in different countries across the world have found out that the role of parents is perhaps the most important when it comes to the development of the child. The child is believed to be swept away by the influence of a parent much like a small stream that turns out into a river after it reaches the maturity (Friedman et al. 2014). There are lots of teachers, guides and other people who tend to block the path of the flow, but the child has to make sure that he do not stop his flow and divert his way to meet the seas. The role of the teachers can also be said to be that of a current which sometimes increased or sometimes tend to decrease the flow of the river. However according to a large number of experts or a healthy chunk of people parental influence is much more consistent and effective to shape up the life of the child and make him an ideal person for the future. It is also argued that an educator who is motivating can also help the child to attain his goal by helping him follow the right path from the beginning itself. In the early years of the education of the child the parent is believed to be the most important factor in the life of the child. A time bound by love for caring and sharing is never ever comparable to an ordinary life and thus the years of early education turns out to be of such importance the child in having a well formulated life. The growth of the child from his early years marks the growing influence of the parent over the child. This is a crucial juncture for the child to adapt to the practical world and make a life worth mentioning (Gestwicki 2013). In other words teachers also fail on some other cases which is perhaps one of the most crucial part of the childs life. Parents can easily motivate their children on a regular basis better than the teachers as because the presence of a large number of children in the teaching vicinity restricts the teacher from taking specialized attention of the child. The motivation thus provided to the child by the parents is an indispensible part of the child care curriculum. The parent can also act as the guide to the children by instilling in them some proper eating habits and can help them to learn health care activities which cannot be acquired from the educational centers of early childhood education (American Academy of Pediatrics 2013). However according to Gestwicki (2013) the knowledge of such habits is one of the main factors behind the development of the child. The parents can only change the bad medical and health habits of their child and thus plays a vital role to keep their childre n healthy and happy. If a child is introvert he might not open up about his problems in front of the teacher he might fail to understand a particular thing. The parents can discuss on the same with the teacher as the child is much more familiar in his house than his school. Moreover in such a situation he may feel embarrassed to explain about his problem and will find it much easier to communicate his problem to his father or mother, who in turn can forward the necessary to the educational centers. The parents thus have a huge influence on the minds of the child as he feels them to be their ultimate friends when it comes to the early years of education. The main reason behind the importance of the parents is the fact that they are present in the life of the child from the very first day of his existence in the world and thus they have the huge responsibility over them to implement the necessary social and personal skills in them that helps them to be the perfect human beings in the future. It is important for the parents to behave in a proper manner in front of their child so that they do not have any negativity towards them. Some experts in the following field of study have also suggested that the parents are still believed to have a concern for their child when they are away to schools (Gregory 2017). Different studies have claimed about the importance of parental involvement in the successful development of the child. PISA study has noted that on an average the score point difference in reading is associated largely with the situation when the parents read out a story book in front of their children. It has been proved by different researches that the numbers of students who have been successful are the ones who have been blessed with a greater amount of parental involvement in the early childhood years. According to the study conducted by Henniger (2017) there are different things that are involved in such a achievement like checking in the daily requireme nts of the child on a regular basis, proper communication, proper care, great love and affectionate nature. Such things or considerations have helped the parents to make their child the best in the world. To the surprise of an age old belief that only people belonging to the affluent society can involve them in a proper child education program. The academic achievement of the child can also be linked to the success of the parents in integrating a successful education program by the parents. It was found out that the parents who paid a little more attention to the development of the child was able to make their child more successful in life. But in contrary to the earlier belief in a different case there was a study conducted by a University in UK which showed that two way adult child conversations were six times the promotion of the development of language in which the parents had the main role. Such understandings help the kids to grow up with an assertive learning and develop qual ity thoughts which help them to take wise decisions that influence the future. The content of parents conversations with the kids matters, too. Children who hers counting and numbers calculation at their respective houses begin their school life with a much more advanced mathematical knowledge,reportresearchers from the University of Chicago this are the knowledge that can predict the future achievement in the subject. According to Mol and Neuman (2014) , who led the study on number words, has also found that the amount of talk young children hear about the spatial properties of the physical world, how big or small or round or sharp objects are, predicts kids problem-solving abilities as they prepare to enter kindergarten. Conclusion The essayist has clearly written in support of the parents and has mentioned about the importance of the parents in the education of the child than the importance of the teachers and the institutions for the same cause. The essayist has clearly mentioned about the different factors that really proves the credentials of the parents in the development of the child as an individual. The following essay has provided the exact reasons behind the importance of parents in child care education. They are; Children live with their parents at the time of childhood and thus they spend almost the entire time in the house as school hours are limited to just 3 to 4 hours which makes it impossible for the teachers to evaluate the student and manage them in accordance to their needs. The children are much more influenced by their parents decision as they observe their parents much closely than the teachers in the child care centers. Parents can understand their children and their psychology much better than anyone and thus they have the advantage in such cases (Jackman Beaver and Wyatt 2014) The parents can easily communicate with the child and on the other hand the child also feels free to communicate with their parents. Trust is the crucial element that makes the parents emerge as the winners in case of the importance of the child in his early education. The trust established with the passage of a long time helps to seek different advices from the parents as they believe that parents are the one who can guide them to their successful life and choose them the best way to follow. The following essay has thus been able to meet all the requirements of the essayist. The assessment of the essay by the readers will help them to understand the child care education and the approach to it by both the teacher and the parents (Mindes and Jung 2014). The arguments provided to support the view has a strong source and compactness which has made the essay much more attractive in nature. However the essay could have highlighted some extra points on the above study. The following essay will surely be one of the best works for any future references by other readers or researchers. References Allen, E.K. and Cowdery, G.E., 2014.The exceptional child: Inclusion in early childhood education. Nelson Education. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2013. National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education.(2011).Caring for our children: National health and safety performance standards; Guidelines for early care and education programs,22. Castle, S., Williamson, A.C., Young, E., Stubblefield, J., Laurin, D. and Pearce, N., 2016. TeacherChild Interactions in Early Head Start Classrooms: Associations With Teacher Characteristics.Early Education and Development,27(2), pp.259-274. Fenech, M., 2017. Building parents' understandings of early learning and quality early childhood education and care.Every Child,23(1), p.22. Friedman-Krauss, A.H., Raver, C.C., Morris, P.A. and Jones, S.M., 2014. The role of classroom-level child behavior problems in predicting preschool teacher stress and classroom emotional climate.Early Education and Development,25(4), pp.530-552. Gestwicki, C., 2013.Developmentally appropriate practice: Curriculum and development in early education. Cengage Learning. Gregory, E. ed., 2017.One child, many worlds: Early learning in multicultural communities. Routledge. Henniger, M.L., 2017.Teaching young children: An introduction. Pearson. Jackman, H., Beaver, N. and Wyatt, S., 2014.Early education curriculum: A child's connection to the world. Cengage Learning. Lamb, M.E., 2014.Child care in context: Cross-cultural perspectives. Psychology Press. Mackenzie, M., Cologon, K. and Fenech, M., 2017. 'Embracing everybody': Approaching the inclusive early childhood education of a child labelled with autism from a social relational understanding of disability.Every Child,23(2), p.40.. Mindes, G. and Jung, L.A., 2014.Assessing young children. Pearson Higher Ed. Mol, S.E. and Neuman, S.B., 2014. Sharing information books with kindergartners: The role of parents extra-textual talk and socioeconomic status.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,29(4), pp.399-410. Monti, J.D., Pomerantz, E.M. and Roisman, G.I., 2014. Can parents involvement in childrens education offset the effects of early insensitivity on academic functioning?.Journal of Educational Psychology,106(3), p.859. Otto, B.W., 2017.Language development in early childhood education. Pearson. Perren, S., Herrmann, S., Iljuschin, I., Frei, D., Krner, C. and Sticca, F., 2017. Child-centred educational practice in different early education settings: Associations with professionals attitudes, self-efficacy, and professional background.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,38, pp.137-148. Sommer, D., Pramling Samuelsson, I. and Hundeide, K., 2013. Early childhood care and education: a child perspective paradigm.European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,21(4), pp.459-475. Spodek, B. and Saracho, O.N., 2014.Handbook of research on the education of young children. Routledge. Whyte, M. and Scanlan, B., 2017. Parents and children in a leadership role in early childhood: Discussing and adding to learning assemblages.HE KUPU,5(1), pp.36-43. Wittmer, D.S., Petersen, S.H. and Puckett, M.B., 2016.The young child: Development from prebirth through age eight. Pearson.

Media Violence In Childrens Lives Essays - Criminology,

Media Violence In Children's Lives Media Violence in Children's Lives During the past decade, America has witnessed an alarming increase in the incidence of violence in the lives of children. On a daily basis, children in America are victims of violence, as witnesses to violent acts in their homes or communities, or as victims of abuse, neglect, or personal assault. The causes of violent behavior in society are complex and interrelated. Among the significant contributors are poverty, racism, unemployment, illegal drugs, inadequate or abusive parenting practices, and real-life adult models of violent problem-solving behavior. At the same time that there has been an increase in the number of reported violent acts directed at children, there has been an increase in the amount and severity of violent acts observed by children through the media, including television, movies, computer games, and videotapes, and an increase in the manufacture and distribution of weapon-like toys and other products directly linked to violent programming. In response, Governing Board appointed a panel of experts to guide the development of initiatives and resources to assist teachers and parents in confronting the issue of violence in the lives of children. This position statement addresses one aspect of the proble -- media violence -- and is the first in a series of projects the Association plans to address this important issue. We have chosen to address the issue of media violence first because, of all the sources and manifestations of violence in children's lives, it is perhaps the most easily corrected. The media industry ought to serve the public interest and ought to be subject to government regulation. The responsibility of adults and of public policy to protect children from unnecessary and potentially harmful exposure to violence through the media and to protect children from television content and advertising practices that exploit their special vulnerability (Huston, Watkins, & Kunkel, 1989). Television and other media have the potential to be very effective educational tools for children. Research demonstrates that television viewing is a highly complex, cognitive activity, during which children are actively involved in learning (Anderson & Collins, 1988). Therefore, supports efforts to use media constructively to expand children's knowledge and promote the development of positive social values. Supports measures that can be taken by responsible adults to limit children's exposure to violence through the media is an important details Such efforts include but are not limited to: ? legislation requiring reinstatement of guidelines for children's television by the Federal Communication Commission, including requirements for videotapes and elimination of television programs linked to toys ? legislation limiting advertising on children's programming, and standards for toys to ensure that they are not only physically safe but also psychologically safe ? legislation enabling the development of voluntary television-industry standards to alleviate violence in programming, specifically exempting such efforts from anti-trust regulation ? promotion of more developmentally appropriate, educational programming that meets children's diverse needs for information, entertainment, aesthetic appreciation, positive role models, and knowledge about the world (Huston et al., 1989) ? development and dissemination of curriculum for teachers to improve children's critical viewing skills and to teach nonviolent strategies for resolving conflicts ? development of resources to assist parents in the constructive and educational use of media with their children During early childhood, the foundation is laid for future social, emotional, cognitive, and physical development. During this formative period, young children are particularly vulnerable to negative influences. In most instances, children have no control over the environmental messages they receive. Up until age seven or eight, children have great difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality, and their ability to comprehend nuances of behavior, motivation, or moral complexity is limited. This special vulnerability of children necessitates increased vigilance to protect them from potentially negative influences. Parents are ultimately responsible for monitoring their children's viewing habits; however, parents cannot be omniscient and omnipresent in their children's lives. Parents need assistance in protecting their children from unhealthy exposure to violence. Therefore, limits must be placed on the content of programming directed at children. Restricting violence in children's pro gramming should not be considered censorship, any more than is protecting children form exposure to pornography (Carlsson-Paige & Levin, 1990). Likewise, industry standards to limit violence in children's programming should be developed as

Medium vs. Media

Medium vs. Media Medium vs. Media Medium vs. Media By Sharon Medium originates from the Latin meaning middle, midst or means and this sense has carried through its various meanings. The 16th century meaning of intervening substance gave rise to the 19th century meaning of enveloping substance, a term often used in scientific experiments. Since the 18th century, medium has also meant intermediate agency (which no doubt is responsible for the medium who communicates with the other side). The mass media also share this origin. Radio is a medium (or means) of communication. With the advent of national broadcasting of radio programs in the 1920s, the term mass media was born. Given its Latinate origin, many people wonder about the correct plural of medium. Merriam Webster Online states that media is the correct plural of medium in almost all cases. However, many people also use media as a singular noun when referring to the mass media. Here are some quotations from newspapers: platform, Periscope, as a gathering place for gamers. Facebook has also been scrambling to get in on the growing medium, courting individual gamers and adding the ability to tip streamers on Facebook Live as part of its â€Å"gaming (www.nytimes.com) News media finally calls out Trump on his lies. Outrage over the Trump administrations policy of separating children from their parents at the border is clearly growing, and it looks as if the media are a driving force behind it. Finally, were saying what everyone has known for Were quick to condemn the culture of entitlement for sports prima donnas, but weve created the same cozy cocoon for media stars. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

Leonardo Da Vinci Perpetual Machine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leonardo Da Vinci Perpetual Machine - Assignment Example The model presented in the picture is probably the simplest among them, but it is definitely as good as others are. The main purpose of such layout was to create asymmetry using additional physical effects. This hypothetical perpetual wheel would revolve around its axis, and the metal pellets placed in the sections of the wheel would roll over, creating unevenness in load distribution and making the wheel keep on moving. However, eventually, Da Vinci admitted that the construction of a working perpetual machine is impossible. Commenting this conclusion, Da Vinci wrote that, interpreted into modern language, when the pellet (i.e. the weight) placed in one of the sections â€Å"moves farther from the pivot, the gravitational torque on it increases, but also the moment of inertia of the wheel is increased at the same time, which makes the gravitational torque less effective in increasing or sustaining motion of the wheel† (Simanek). In other words, the obtain effect is eventually zero. Moreover, Da Vinci concluded that every mechanical system inevitably loses its power through friction (Capra). Later, and especially at the dawn of the 20 century (intensive industrialization), the inventors tried to improve older prototypes of perpetual machines, but these attempts proved to be failure due to laws of physics (e.g. the principle of perpetual motion virtually violates two first laws of thermodynamics (Roy). In the end, the idea of a mechanism producing free energy without any outside sources or fuel was condemned as

NAT and PAT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NAT and PAT - Essay Example ccounting Theory (PAT) is an objective theory aiming at predicting accounting practices and policies that are chosen applied by firms as well as the effects of such, on the firms after the implementation. Under this theory, available data and statistics in the firm are analyzed to enable the firm to derive applicable conclusions based on the results. The main purpose of the results of the analysis is to create an understanding when predicting accounting policies across differing firms. On the other hand, Normative Accounting Theory (NAT) is a subjective kind of theory with an aim to describe the economic future of a given firm or investor. This is the theory that usually attempts to tell economists what they should do. This theory does not solely use predictive values to make evaluations, but it also considers the logical consistency of the rationality of individuals. Therefore, as positive accounting theories tend to make predictions of the events of the real world, normative accoun ting theories tend to inform people about what they should do (Coetsee, 2010). PAT has two different perspectives that include the efficiency perspective and the opportunistic perspective. Under the opportunistic perspective of PAT, there are three elements including the bonus plan hypothesis, debt covenant hypothesis as well as the political cost hypothesis. The bonus plan hypothesis of PAT has the assumption that the manager with the bonus plan has a high likelihood of using accounting methods intended to increase the current period reported income. As such, this makes a prediction that a manager will be rewarded on the basis of their performance. Debt covenant hypothesis, on the other hand, tries to put a limit on the managers ability to transfer assets to new creditors, themselves or new shareholders. Political cost hypothesis, on the other hand, refers to how a firm would react to the possibility of regulation of other regulators as well as other interest groups and how these

Changing Identities in Cyberculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changing Identities in Cyberculture - Essay Example so that the computer mimics a real life encounter by using the facilities of the pixels instead of the human body and the voice. The important difference between direct human contact and human contact through the medium of computers is that the usual physical aspects of communication are largely missing. Visual and aural aspects are not there, and the style of the individual is expressed through a number of substitute clues, such as the choice of font, a pseudonym usually with some reference to popular culture, and sometimes an â€Å"avatar† which is a pictorial representation of the self. The advantage of these devices in contexts like Multi Media Online Roleplay Games(MMORPGs) are obvious, and provide many people of all ages with entertainment in which a small caricature of the self interacts with other players, and with artificial intelligence characters to fight goblins or track down aliens, or build castles or any amount of artificial social activities at the whim of the games designer. These social spaces provide a setting where people can operate in an artificial world, adopting the customs and cultures that develop there, and in effect creating a new identity specifically for that subculture in cyberspace. The internet offers children and adults alike to play in a carefree and anonymous way, and for many this is a much valued respite from the demands of an increasingly pressurized daily life. There are some critics who see this opportunity as something potentially dangerous, and especially for the young. (Anderson et al., 2007) Without doubt the presence of paedophiles and people who prey on under age computer users is a worry. Children identify quite closely with the characters that they play, and they need to... This essay focuses on the arrival of the internet, that has opened up a whole new dimension of communication which was inconceivable even fifty years ago. People can now not only access a world-wide store of information and communicate with contacts, but also exchange and share personal photographs online. Such possibility to post public and private messages were analyzed in the essay. It allows to develop real friendhips and relationships over time, and this is an important lifeline for many lonely or disabled people, as well as a healthy and normal development phase for young people. Although the technology that makes all this possible has changed, the process is no different than the business man donning a suit to go to work and some jeans to go out and have a barbecue with the neighbors. The persona is adjusted to suit the context that is presented to the person. The potential for the development of neuroses and extreme or abusive personalities exists in cyberculture and are disc ussed in the essay in details. However, the danger of physical harm coming to a person chatting via a computer is considerably lower than that of a person in a dangerous neighborhood, or even simply sitting in a pub or going to a rock concert. To conclude, the researcher stets that the ability to try out and maintain different internet personas is allowing people to experience a wider range of social roles and gain superior social skills, and so for this reason, cyberculture is something that we should all embrace with open arms.

Understanding Plant Sub-cellular (Organellar) Metabolome

Understanding Plant Sub-cellular (Organellar) Metabolome Abstract Dissection of organismal metabolomes into smaller subunits of life holds the potential to unravel the minuscule details of operative metabolic pathways and metabolic compartmentation at the sub-cellular level. Although metabolomes have been characterized at tissue, cellular, and cell-population types, little efforts have been put forth in sub-cellular metabolomes. In the post-genomic era, significant advances have been made in predicting plant protein and transcriptomic localization to subcellular organelles through computational approaches. For obvious challenges such as, difficulty in pure preparations of organelles, shared metabolites among them, and associated complicated regulations in them delimits the growth in this area. We summarize the recent efforts and progresses made in directions of understanding the plant sub-cellular (organellar) metabolomes. Keywords: organelle, plastid, mitochondria, vacuole, proteomics, nonaqueous fractionation, The metabolic compartmentation adds a complex dimension to subcellular metabolomes Systems biology approaches, including bioinformatics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have begun to contribute to our growing knowledge of cellular signaling and metabolism. However, the extensive and unique metabolic compartmentation is characteristic of eukaryotic cells, such as plant cells, thus rendering the analysis of compartmented metabolic networks complicated by virtue of separation and parallelization of pathways and intracellular transport (Wahrheit et al., 2011). Consequently, the study of plant cellular metabolomic networks becomes even more challenging (Toubian et al., 2013). Although the single cell and single-cell type metabolomics studies (Misra et al., 2014) bring in homogeneity in preparations to reflect on cellular (micro-metabolome) as the basic unit of life, the subcellular (nano-metabolome) pose a great deal of challenges for their investigation. Major plant subcellular structures include but are not limited to apoplast, cell plate, cell wall, endoplasmic reticulum and related structures, endosome, Golgi apparatus, microfilament, microtubule, mitochondrion, oil bodies, nucleus, peroxisome, plasma membrane, plastid and related structures, and vacuole. Metabolic pathways are highly segregated in different subcellular organelles (Browsher and Tobin, 2011). Undoubtedly, the compartmentalization of plant metabolites, add another complex dimension to principal regulatory aspects in plants, apart from the temporal dimensions. In addition, the diffusion of metabolites, the role of active transport by membrane-based transporters, and limitations in labeling and visualization of metabolites in cells render the localization even more difficult. Moreover, the genetic variation within these organelles have a widespread effect on the stochastic variation in primary metabolism with discrete impacts that differed from the organelle effect on the average metabolome (Joseph et al., 2015). As such, pathways of communication between v arious organelles of a plant cell are quite complex and interdependent, for example the rampant signaling between organelles such as chloroplasts and nuclei (Jung and Chory, 2009). Thus efforts to understand their individual metabolites would aid in understanding of these complex regulatory exchanges, in addition to what is established at the levels of transcripts and proteins. Omics-based approaches in identifying subcellular functionalities are powerful resources There have been considerable efforts to catalog the information content in organelles starting from imaging based approaches to omics-based systems biology perspectives. For instance, the aim of the plant organelles database (http://podb.nibb.ac.jp/Organellome) is to promote the understanding of organelle dynamics such as organelle function, biogenesis, differentiation, movement and interactions with other organelles (Mano et al. 2013). Although, genomics-based efforts are much more prevalent. Such as a unique database of RNA-editing sites found in plant organelle genes with the results mapped onto amino acid sequences and 3D structures (Yura et al. 2009) are available. In addition, to catalog fluorescent protein expression, public repositories such as the Maize Cell Genomics (MCG) database, (http://maize.jcvi.org/cellgenomics) have bene developed that represents major subcellular structures and also developmentally important progenitor cell populations (Krishnakumar et al., 2014). A nother noteworthy approach was the use of subcellular organelle expression microarray to study the organic acid changes in post-harvest Citrus fruit (Sun et al., 2013) and organelle membrane proteome during germination and tube growth of lily pollen (Pertl et al., 2009). In addition, proteomics efforts have revealed secretome, extracellular matrix, cell wall (14), vacuoles, plastids, and peroxisomes-specific changes in plants are catalogued (Liley and Dupree, 2007; Dai and Chen, 2012). Similarly, proteomics-based approaches for characterization of seed proteomes have been reviewed recently (Repetto and Gallardo, 2012). Rapid subcellularfractionationin combination with targeted proteomics allowed for measuring subcellularproteinconcentrations in attomole per 1000cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Weinkeeop et al., 2010). The importance of the spatial resolution of plant cellular metabolomes have been realized (Sumner et al., 2011). However, such efforts and databases are missing for plant subcellular metabolomes. Recently, the need for understanding the challenges in cellular compartmentalization for successful plant metabolic engineering was identified (Heining et al., 2013). The enrichment of other omics-based subcellular localization tools would allow understanding of the metabolic pathways operative in them for tinkering them for commercial success. Some widely used computational approaches for proteome level assignment of localization include, Some widely used prediction programs are: TargetP, http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TargetP/, Predotar,http://www.inra.fr/predotar/, iPSORT, http://hc.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/iPSORT/, and SubLoc, http://www.bioinfo. tsinghua.edu.cn/SubLoc/, etc. For example, LocDB is a manually curated database with experimental annotations for the subcellular localizations of proteins inA. thaliana (Rastogi and Rost, 2011). Recently, the Peroxisome database (http://www.peroxisomeDB.org) was released which serves as a huge resource for cross-lineage comparison of functiona l genomic and metabolomic information on organisms such as fungi, yeasts, plants, human and lower eukaryotes, with an ensemble of 139 peroxisomal protein families and ~2706 putative peroxisomal protein homologs (Schlà ¼ter et al., 2010). On the other hand, databases such as SUBA (Heazlewood et al.,2007) are excellent inventories of subcellular compartmentation supported by experimental evidence mainly drawn from organellar proteome studies, which enable the integration of experimentation and prediction (Tanz et al., 2012). In the AraGEM genome-scale model ofArabidopsismetabolism the vast majority of reactions are assigned to the cytosol (1265 reactions in the cytosol, with 60, 159, and 98 reactions assigned to mitochondria, plastid, and peroxisome, respectively) (de Oliveira DalMolin et al.,2010). However, there are no available collage of information on subcellular metabolomes of plants to our knowledge, and hence this effort. Plant subcellular metabolome studies revisited: non-aqueous fractionation (NAF) methods There has bene several successful attempts at obtaining the qualitative and quantitative snap shots of sub-cellular metabolomes in plants. These efforts relied on fractionation of the or isolation of pure organelles followed by characterization of the metabolomes by gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS) among other approaches. Cell fractionation and immunohistochemical studies in the last 40 years have revealed the extensive compartmentation of plant metabolism from protein-based information (Lunn, 2007). Majority of the classical studies in compartmentation of plant metabolism focused on plastids, mitochondria, and vacuole and reflected on their structural and functional heterogeneity operative primary metabolic (photosynthesis, respiratory etc.) pathways (Lunn, 2007, Bowsher and Tobin, 2011). Plastids are involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, in particular nitrate and ammonium assimilation, the Calvin cycle, oxidative p entose-phosphate pathway, glycolysis, and terpenoid biosynthesis, and these have been reviewed from a metabolic perspective (Tobin and Bowsher, 2005). Thus plastidial proteomics have interested researchers for a long time (van Wijk and Baginsky, 2011). Analysis of the chloroplast proteome confirmed indicated biosynthesis of fatty acids, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides, hormones, alkaloids, and isoprenoids, Calvin cycle enzymes and proteins belonging to the light-harvesting apparatus and photosynthetic electron transport chain (van Wijk, 2004). Protoplast fractionation in combination with enzymatic determination of metabolites has been widely used to quantify a subset of metabolites like adenylates, phosphorylated sugars and Calvin cycle intermediates in different compartments(Kueger et al., 2012). The metabolomes of highly purified barley vacuoles isolated from mesophyll cell protoplasts by silicon oil centrifugation revealed the presence of 59 primary metabolites and ~200 secondar y metabolites by GC-MS and FT-MS (Fourier transform-mass spectrometry) such as amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, shikimate pathway intermediates, vitamins, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids, of which 12 were found exclusively in the vacuole (Tohge et al., 2011). Similarly, a single vacuole of single cell of the alga Chara australis revealed the localization and dynamics of 125 known metabolites(Oikawa et al., 2011). In plants, vacuoles are known for detoxification of xenobiotics (Coleman et al., 1997). In addition, the analysis of subcellular metabolite levels of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) indicated that either the cytosol or apoplast leads to a decrease in total sucrose content and to an increase in glucose and hexoses accumulate in the vacuole independently of their site of production (Farre et al., 2008). Furthermore, in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus, LC-MS analysis of the phenols from isolated leaf vacuoles detected the presence of three caffeoy lquinic acids and four flavonoids(Ferreres et al., 2010). Another example of the use of vibrational (Raman) spectroscopy in metabolomics was exemplified in the localization of ÃŽ ²-carotene by its 1150 and 1515 cm−1 Raman bands with subcellular resolution (~550 nm per pixel) in the cells of alga Euglena gracilis. Complementary single-cell MS data were also recorded which indicated the colocalization of ÃŽ ²-carotene and the plastids containing internal antennae of photosystem II (Urban et al., 2011). Non-aqueous fractionation (NAF) is the most widely used method for studying metabolite pool sizes at a subcellular level in plants(Kueger et al., 2012), where NAF method is based on the enrichment of compartments within a continuous non-aqueous density gradient instead of purifying individual intact organelles. This method is associated with true metabolomics studies allowing the subcellular localization of a large number of metabolites to be analyzed in parallel (Farre et al., 2001, Krueger et al., 2011). Assessment of metabolome compartmentation of soybean leaves using non-aqueous fractionation by GC-MS of about 100 compounds indicated a greater number of compounds identified in vacuole when compared to cytosol or stroma (Benkeblia et al., 2007). Furthermore, the NAF method allowed the identification and quantification of the subcellular distributions of metabolites in developing potato (Solanum tuberosumL. cv Desiree) tubers which revealed that ~60% of most sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, and amino acids were found in the vacuole, the substrates for starch biosynthesis, hexose phosphates, and ATP were found in the plastid, while pyrophosphate was located almost exclusively in the cytosol (Farrà © et al., 2011). Similarly, in A. thaliana leaves, using NAF methods about 1,000 proteins and 70 metabolites, including 22 phosphorylated intermediates were separated into plastidial, cytosolic, and vacuolar metabolites and proteins which indicated that cytosolic, mitochondrial, and peroxisomal proteins clustered together. Metabolites from the Calvin–Benson cycle, photorespiration, starch and sucrose synthesis, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle grouped with their associated proteins of the respective compartment, indicating NAF as a powerful tool for the study of the organellar, and in some cases sub-organellar, distribution of proteins and their association with metabolites. Unfortunately, organelles extracted from whole tissue homogenates are generally originated from a range of cell types (Bowsher and Tobin, 2001), but from specific organs such as leaves. However, the single largest study depicting the compartmentalized A. thaliana metabolome (Krueger et al., 2011), revealed the subcellular distribution of 1,117 polar and 2,804 lipophilic mass spectrometric features associated to known and unknown compounds. In conjunction with GC-MS and LC-MS-based metabolite profiling, 81.5% of the metabolic data could be associated to one of three subcellular compartments: the cytosol (including mitochondria), vacuole, or plastids. Nonetheless, the authors conceded that localizations of several known metabolites and structurally undetermined compounds (unknowns) were difficult to unambiguously explain on the basis of three compartments due to either unresolved compartments, or the interconnections of subcellular metabolic networks. Advances in mass spectrometry based lipidomics have enabled the simultaneous identification and quantification of lipid species from complex structures at the tissue, cellular and organelle resolution levels (Horn and Chapman, 2012). The authors showed that at the nano scale, ‘direct organelle MS’ (DOMS) holds immense potential to profile lipids at the organelle level by extracting lipids from organelles in isolation, or from intact cells, within a capillary tip, followed by their identification and quantification using direct-infusion nanospray MS. Furthermore, it was underscored that fluorescent protein technology can be used to image subcellular dynamics of plant cell organelles at a spatial and temporal resolution, and to manipulate the distribution of fluorescent markers to identify the genes responsible for the inner activities of plant cells by means of light microscopy alongside genomics (Sparkes and Brandizzi, 2012). Conclusion and future prospects Although used in most instances, NAF is static, invasive, has no cellular resolution, and is sensitive to artifacts. (Looger et al., 2005), validation of NAF technique is understood to hold the key for successful implementation (Klie et al., 2011). Spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) provide dynamic data, but poor spatial resolution. Thus, genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET) sensors (i.e., green florescence protein (GFP)-based, enzyme based etc.) have been proposed for visualizing metabolites with subcellular resolution (Looger et al., 2005). Flux-balance modeling of plant metabolic networks provides an important complement to13C-based metabolic flux analysis. Recently, several flux-balance models of plant metabolism have been published including genome-scale models ofA. thaliana metabolism (Sweetlove and Ratcliffe, 2011). Approaches for flux balance analysis have been reviewed else where (Lee et al., 2011; Lakshmanan et al., 2012). To achieve greater insights into metabolic fluxes across subcellular metabolomes several flux analyses tools are available, such as FiatFlux (Zamboni et al., 2005), OpenFLUX (Quek et al., 2009) that are based on 13C-based analysis, OptFlux (Rocha et al., 2010), FluxAnalyzer (Klamt et al., 2013), YANA (Schwarz et al., 2005). Model SEED, FAME, and MetaFlux have included several routines to facilitate the reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic models (Lakshmanan et al., 2012). NAF methods for obtaining subcellular fractions allows direct quenching of metabolism by snap-freezing in liquid nitrogen, thus, the combination of NAF with metabolic flux analysis using13C labeled CO2is a very attractive approach for the future (Keuger et al., 2012). On the other hand, MALDI associated secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging, on research-grade MALDI-MS instruments, MSI is possible with a spatial resolution of

The Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress Essays -- Dai Sijie

Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress is a marvelous novel, written by Dai Sijie, which himself was re-educated between 1971 and 1974 during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. In Dai Sijie’s Balzac and the Little Seamstress three separate accounts are given of an incident in which Luo and the Little Seamstress make love in an isolated mountain pool. Two of these perspectives are given by the participants while the third is provided by the old miller who observes their love making from a distance. Of all the accounts, I found the count of this incident of Little Seamstress most appealing as she is able to present at an imaginative description of this setting and allow the readers to understand her thoughts and feelings. In contrast the account of the Old Miller is more detached and is more focused about the physical beauty of the Little Seamstress, while Luo’s story to me is more focused on his own concerns and is desire to escape the remote mountain village which he ha s been sent. The Old Miller’s perspective conveys the sense that he is both transfixed by what he sees, but he feel shamed for being unable to take his eyes off the lovers. Their acrobatic movements in the water make him feel his age in the fact that he realizes he can never again enjoy such pleasures. What he focuses on is their nudity and their coupling. This is captured in the image of â€Å"their bodies entwined, whirling round and round in the water.† Feeling â€Å"rooted to the spot† he notices â€Å"the limpid water glittering in the sun exaggerated and distorted their obscene movements.† The miller’s account makes the reader feel like a voyeur and imagine the old man with his face â€Å"reddened.† He is overcome by the beauty of the Little Seamstress â€Å"her naked belly and un... ...h an injury on the Little Seamstress’s finger. A turning point comes up when they get back to the village and finds out that his mother’s been rushed to the hospital, which than he has to visit her for a month. Out of the three stories told by Luo, the Old Miller and the Chinese Seamstress, I find the Little Chinese Seamstress’s story more appealing than others. From my view, it shows a variety of meanings because overall, the Little Seamstress was not educated, but from this story I could tell that she gained knowledge and was able to use what she was capable of doing and you would not expect to gain feedback from a woman who just had relationship with a man. Luo’s story is also very appealing but it shows only concerns for himself and is own feelings. Whereas the Chinese Seamstress was more appealing and showed improvement of her ability to think independently.

Discuss the character of Banquo and his role in ‘Macbeth’ Essay

Banquo was one of Duncan’s brave generals. He was a man of honour and integrity. He held the same rank as Macbeth and they were very closely linked characters. They were courageous and loyal warriors. They both witnessed the Witches’ prophesies and their future successes were foretold throughout the play. Banquo had a generous spirit and a rational view of the world and had the attributes required by a good King, however, Banquo was an ambiguous character, in that he was sceptical of Macbeth’s manner following their encounter with the Witches. Macbeths’ beliefs worried Banquo, as he was a good man and he believed deeply in upholding God’s rule of order. Banquo sensed that the Witches’ prophesies prompted new reactions in Macbeth – further encouraging his ambitions towards kingship. Banquo’s first encounter with the Witches was quite unbelievable to him and he remarked to Macbeth, â€Å"What are these, So withered, and so wild in their attire, That look not like th’inhabitants o’th earth, And yet are on,t?† , Banquo’s words describe Macbeth’s startled and uneasy reaction to the Witches’ prophesies, touching moral confusion in Macbeth by saying to him, â€Å"Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do not sound so fair?† The half rhyme ‘fear’ and ‘fair’ echoes the Witches previous ‘fair’ and ‘foul’. Although Banquo was not afraid of the Witches, he still wanted them to speak to him but at the same time he wished to remain detached from them. He addressed the Witches, saying, â€Å"Speak to me, who neither beg, nor fear Your favours nor your hate.† The Witches in turn replied, â€Å"Thou shalt get Kings, though thou be none.† The Witches directed most of their prophesies towards Macbeth and Banquo noticed how lost in thought his companion was because of this experience and remarked, â€Å"Look how our partner’s rapt.† When the Witches vanished, Banquo and Macbeth were astounded, wondering if what they had just witnessed was indeed real or just fantasy. When Banquo heard that Macbeth was to become Thane of Cawdor, in contrast to Macbeth’s excitement, he showed wariness and sensed that the Witches’ words might be deceitful by telling Macbeth, â€Å"And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray’s In deepest consequence.† Banquo is clear-sighted in his summary of the way of temptation. However, resisting the prophecies was a struggle, even for Banquo. He said to his son Fleance, â€Å"Merciful powers, Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature Gives way to in repose!† Banquo was clearly disturbed by all the strange events that had taken place. He was afraid to sleep and the Witches words returned to him in his dreams when he did so. After King Duncan was murdered, Banquo became very suspicious of Macbeth and was becoming concerned about his destiny. He spoke of this to the King’s son Malcolm, â€Å"In the great hand of God I stand, and thence Against the undivulged pretence I fight Of treasonous malice.† However, I criticize Banquo because of his passivity when he says, soon afterwards, â€Å"Thou hast it all now, King, Cawdor, Glamis, all As the weird women promised, and I fear Thou play’dst most foully for’t:† It was obvious that Banquo suspected Macbeth’s involvement in Duncan’s death, yet he took no steps against Macbeth. I suspect this was because Banquo had ambition too, like Macbeth when he says, â€Å"May they not be my oracles as well, And set me up in hope? But hush, no more.† Macbeth’s prophecy had come true, so he hoped, perhaps it would all happen for him and he would father a line of Kings. Banquo’s inaction and suspicions of Macbeth attracted Macbeth’s attention as his soliloquy in Act 3 denotes, â€Å"Our fears in Banquo Stick deep, and in his royalty of nature Reigns that which would be feared.† Then at the end of his soliloquy he really expresses his innermost thoughts by saying, â€Å"Only for them, and mine eternal jewel Given to the common enemy of man, To make them Kings, the seed of Banquo Kings!† This showed that he was determined that no- one would interfere with his kingship. Macbeth saw Banquo as simply too strong and honourable a rival to be left alive. Here again, we see that Macbeth and Banquo were closely linked. They were both tragic and doomed with flaws within themselves. Macbeth became obsessed by irrational passions, then anger and fear took hold, resulting in Macbeth having Banquo murdered. Macbeth held a banquet to celebrate his kingship which Banquo had agreed to attend as chief guest. He was indeed chief guest, but only visible to Macbeth as a ghost, taunting him, driving him insane with guilt. Macbeth felt this ghost was real, but it was only an extension of the evil in Macbeth’s troubled mind. This hysterical reaction in Macbeth’s vision aroused the suspicions of the lords attending. All this behaviour exhibited Macbeth as totally deranged, however, it was Banquo who finally exposed Macbeth’s deceptiveness by appearing to him as an ‘avenging angel’ and deeply highlighting Macbeth’s guilt. There were contrasts in Banquo’s character. He was honourable to the King, yet, he was pathetic, unable to act when his suspicions of Macbeth’s evil were obvious. There is also evidence of contrast between Macbeth and Banquo in Act 2. I, when neither of them can sleep. Banquo was tormented by the Witches’ predictions and Macbeth was driven by them. Banquo really wanted what the Witches predicted, but at the same time he wanted to keep a clear conscience. He also observed how Macbeth changed from a loyal warrior into a self-seeking tyrant, but with everything happening so hastily he might not have had the time to act upon his suspicions and maybe he thought about the fact that his suspicions may have been wrong. Banquo clearly displays signs of ambiguity throughout the play.

Better Use Redneck with Care

Better Use Redneck with Care Better Use Redneck with Care Better Use Redneck with Care By Maeve Maddox A man speaking in a city board meeting in my town this week got into trouble for using the word redneck. He was arguing that shrinking city funds would be better spent on maintaining the local cable access channel than on Christmas lights in the town square. He stirred up a storm of protest when he referred to the city employees putting up the lights as highly-paid rednecks. The uproar got me thinking about this term, one of my least favorite group designators. As far as I can interpret the mans remarks, he wanted to convey the thought that the cable channel, as a means of communicating the workings of the city government, is of more value than mere seasonal display. So why did he choose to call the men putting up the lights rednecks instead of, say, workers? The mind functions in curious ways. Our thoughts reside there in layers upon layers. Sometimes what may seem like an insignificant word choice reveals a layer we may not even be aware of. The speaker came to Arkansas from California. He may not realize it himself, but his choice of the word redneck suggests an attitude of superiority towards the natives. For those readers who may not be familiar with the term, redneck in modern American usage is used chiefly to refer to a perceived type of Southern white person. The term has been used in other contexts with other possible origins, but the term, as popularized by standup comic Jeff Foxworthy, probably derives from the sunburned necks of outdoor laborers. Foxworthy, a native of Georgia, can use the term with impunity, rather as black comics can get away with nigger. Depending upon who is using it, the word redneck can be inoffensive or deeply pejorative. As used in country songs, redneck carries a connotation of pride along with the characteristics of patriotism, belief in God, self-respect, and independence. This kind of redneck probably drives a pickup truck and owns a gun. Hes not afraid of hard work and would rather go hungry than accept charity in any form. He mistrusts overeducated people and prefers the country or small town to the city. As used by outsiders, redneck seems to have replaced hillbilly as a word to stereotype Southerners. As a term of opprobrium, a redneck not only drives a pickup and owns a gun, he is loud, often drunk, ignorant, bigoted, xenophobic, and trashy. He dresses like a slob, speaks with a southern accent, fills his yard with junk, and has no appreciation of the finer things of life. The term has its uses, both in conversation and in writing, but it can be volatile and is best used with care. Youll find further information about redneck and other terms often applied in a pejorative sense to Southerners here (Update: page no longer online). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withEmail EtiquetteNominalized Verbs

Frdric Bazille essays

Frdric Bazille essays Frdric Bazille was born in 1841 to a rich middle-class Protestant family of wine producers near Montpellier, France. In 1859 he began to study medicine in Montpellier and in 1862 continued his medical studies in Paris. While in Paris, he began to study painting part-time at Charles Gleyres studio where he met Monet, Renoir, and Sisley. After failing his medical exams in the spring of 1864, he enrolled as a full-time student of Gleyre. Gleyre emphasized the importance or originality, and Bazille once said, Thanks to Gleyres teaching, I shall at least be able to boast that I have not copied anybody. While in Paris, Bazille became close friends with Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Manet, and Sisley, sharing studios with Monet in 1865 and Renoir in 1866. Bazille was an ardent supporter of his friends works. In fact, when Monet was in dire financial straits, Bazille bought one of his paintings and tried to help sell others. He also took the main financial responsibility of paying the rent in his studios due to his financial background. Manet and Courbet influenced Bazilles impressionistic style paintings. He painted numerous portraits of friends and members of his family along with landscapes. His quiet clear landscapes and harmonious family scenes in muted colors made him one of the most significant representatives of Early Impressionism. Some of his best works include Family Reunion, The Terrace at Mric (Oleander), and Bazilles Studio. In August of 1870, following Frances declaration of war against Prussia, Bazille enlisted. On November 28th, Bazille was killed in a minor skirmish at Beaune-la-Rolande in Burgandy, cutting short a promising career. He was 29 years old. ...

Partnership Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Partnership Analysis - Essay Example These can be used with strategic intent, especially for gaining competitive advantage. We take the case of Ford Motor, the second largest car maker in the US. While Ford has built many IS with strategic aspects, we focus on the IS for supplier – Ford relations. Managers can use value chain analysis to identify opportunities to use IS for competitive advantage (Porter, 1985, 2001; Shank and Govindarajan, 1993). An organization (in our case, Ford) can be thought of as a big input – output process. This can be represented schematically as follows: Ford Motor purchases automobile components and services from automotive companies in the industry. So at the left end in the schematic, supplies are purchased and brought into Ford. Ford then integrates those supplies (components) and makes cars, which it markets to customers. Ford then provides customer service after it sells the cars. In this entire process, there are opportunities for people in Ford to add value in various stages of the process. For example, supplies can be acquired more effectively and value can be added. Some other examples are adding value in making cars and improving sales. This process of adding value throughout the organization is called the Value Chain of the organization. Value Chain Analysis is the process of analyzing the organization’s value chain to find out where value is added to products and services, and the costs of adding value. Since IS can automate many activities in the Value Chain, Value Chain Analysis is used widely in using IS for strategic competitive advantage. In this, one has to first draw the Value Chain and then flesh out each of the activities where value is added. Then costs are determined for such value addition activities. Then one has to compare and benchmark these activities with those of the competitors. Then one can use the appropriate IS for gaining competitive advantage. IS can be used at any

Having Sex, Getting Sex and Getting Gotten Essay

Having Sex, Getting Sex and Getting Gotten - Essay Example It is also true that individuals in a relationship the feel they are over benefiting also report lower levels of satisfaction (Cohen, 2006). This theory seems to ignore the idea of attachment and relationships. It seems to be treating sex as a business relationship as is described in the text. That seems extreme when even the social exchange theory, which says that intimacy is the product of a reward-cost history in the interaction between two people, understands that intimacy is involved. It is believed that intimacy is relative. Not all intimate relationships are the same. The social exchange theory is an attempt to explain all intimate relationships, not as irrational or selfless, but as a product of the fact that people love those who offer more rewards and fewer punishments than others. The loved one must not only be desirable but must reciprocate one’s attentions. This theory would say that people who fall in love begin by engaging in a kind of bargaining process wherein assets and debits are evaluated and matched. Looking for love means searching for rewards and punishments. Research does seem to support bo th the social exchange theory and the equity hypothesis as explanations for the first phases of pair formation. Several surveys indicate that both parties in an demonstrated that both members of an inequitable relationship were unhappy. The question that comes from this is, it there no such thing as unconditional love? The social exchange theory does the best job of describing liking rather than love. Our text does not even get to the point of liking the individual rather it is liking of the act or intercourse and possibly exploiting another to get it or being willing to be exploited to get it (Stevins-Long & Commons, 2002). Again, this writer goes back to developmental stages. The adolescent may begin in this equity bargaining stage of

Juvenile Detention Facility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Detention Facility - Essay Example The detainees are predominantly criminal offenders, but children requiring supervision and traffic violators occasionally serve time at James River. As it is with most detention centers, the focus at James River is on providing detainees with the programs and services to ease the transition back in to their communities and to foster a crime free future. In order to ensure the best possible results, there is close supervision from all three counties and they have implemented educational, religious and recreational programs as well as psychological screening. The cornerstone of the rehabilitation effort at the James River Detention Center is the educational program. The program is composed of individual and group learning classes, personally tailored to address the individual needs of the detainee. Individual Education Programs (IEP), are used to simulate the curriculum of the respective detainee's home school. This is important because an efficient transition back into the school system aids in the overall rehabilitation process. While it is difficult to properly gauge the effectiveness of this center's success, they certainly appear to have the right idea with regards to their educational programs. Conversely, it seems that James River Regional Juvenile Detention Center has some proverbial "red flags." For instance, three counties currently have administrative voices in the operations, which presents a potential problem. As previ